What Causation is
Causation is a concept used in statistics to explain the relationship between two variables. It is the claim that one variable causes a change in another variable. Causation can be established through the use of certain methods and techniques.
The following are several steps for establishing causation:
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Identify the two variables and determine their relationship.
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Collect data on the variables and analyze it to determine the strength of the relationship.
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Use statistical tests such as correlation, regression, or analysis of variance to assess the strength of the relationship.
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Establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables by determining if the change in one variable is directly causing the change in the other variable.
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Control for confounding variables or extraneous variables that may be influencing the relationship.
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Replicate the study to ensure the results are consistent.
Examples
- A study finds that a higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.
- A study finds that higher levels of air pollution are associated with a higher risk of developing asthma.
- A study finds that children who are exposed to violent media are more likely to commit violent acts in adulthood.
- A study finds that a decrease in physical activity is associated with an increase in obesity.
- A study finds that a higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.